The Synthesis of Sulfanilamide Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Synthesis of Sulfanilamide - Lab Report Example Sulfanilamide (which is also known as 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide) is a sulfonamide antibacterial. It belongs to a group of chemotherapeutic agents called sulfa drugs which were discovered in the 1930s. It has a molecular formula of C6H8N2O2S and molecular weight of 172.2049. It contains the sulfonamide functional group that is attached to aniline chemically. It functions by inhibiting competitively enzymatic reactions which involves para - aminobenzoic acid. When it is administered, it facilitates the dying of micro-organisms since the micro-organism are unable to make folic acid which is essential in cell division (TEBBUTT, Peter, 1998). It was the first drugs used successfully to combat diseases such as pneumonia, blood poisoning and meningitis. 2.5 ml of 0.1 Ml NaOH is added to the glass wall and 1.8 grams of acetanilide is placed in a dry 50ml Erlenmeyer flask. The acetanilide is melted by heating it gently with a Bunsen burner after which the flask is allowed to cool in the ice bath. In the hood, 5ml of chrolosulfonic acid is transferred to acetanilide and the flask is attached to the apparatus. After ten minutes, the flask is removed and heated in the additional 10 minutes in a hot water bath that is at a temperature of 70oC to facilitate completion of the reaction. Afterwards, 30 grams of crushed ice are then added to the 250 ml beaker and the mixture transferred using a pipette (while stirring the mixture) onto the ice. The flask is then rinsed using 5ml cold water and then transferred to the beaker containing the ice resulting in the formation of a precipitate. The precipitate is then stirred to facilitate the breakage of bigger lumps. The beaker and the flask are rinsed using ice water. In the hood, a water bath is prepared in the 250 ml beaker at a temperature of 70oC after which the crude is then placed into the Erlenmeyer flask.

The most famous psychological studies Essay Example for Free

The most famous psychological studies Essay The most famous psychological studies of children and aggressive behaviour are Albert Banduras Bobo doll studies, performed at Stamford University, which are now widely regarded as early research classics in the field. These were experimental studies in which children of nursery school age observed a video in which an adult was hitting, punching, kicking and throwing a large inflatable doll. Particular actions were used which children would be unlikely to perform spontaneously. The children were then observed, as they played alone in a playroom with the same doll for 10 to 20 minutes. A controlled group of children were allowed to play with the doll without observing the video of the aggressive adult behaviour. As you might expect, the children who witnessed the adult aggression performed similar acts and the others did not. In this study, Bandura has shown that children display acts of aggressive behaviour, acquired simply through observing someone else performing in these acts. There are many flaws in this study however, which can influence or exaggerate the reactions of the children such as the environment in which the study is held. The laboratory is an uncomfortable area in which children may act in a way which is alien to their usual reactions, and they may behave as they feel they are expected to, one child was recorded asking Mummy is that the doll we have to hit? Children are noted to understand and differentiate between fantasy and real life, (it is ok to hit a doll but not a person.) It is also thought that the theorists conducting the study may have intentionally encouraged the aggression, something that most parents would not. So although Bandura did prove that the childrens behaviour was undoubtedly linked to the images they had seen, it was an artificially made environment (both literally and by means of behaviour expressed by all parties) and therefore I would argue that it couldnt possibly reflect a true scenario. Other studies relating to this concept reached the same conclusions until a study by Feshbach and Singer (1971). Understanding that the environment of a laboratory may be a establishing factor in the behaviour of children, Feshbach and Singer decided to conduct their experiment in schools, an environment in which the children would feel comfortable and therefore more inclined to react in a way which is more accurate. Going into a boys home the theorists spilt a class into two groups, and conducted a manipulated situation over a duration of six weeks. The boys were exposed to different types of television, one group were shown typically violent shows, and the other observed generally neutral television. The results proved an opposite reaction to Banduras study; the boys exposed to the violent television remained the same, while the other group had gotten considerably more aggressive during the experiment. This reaction is in line with the CATHARIS theory, which claims that watching violent programmes decreases levels of arousal, leaving viewers less prone to aggressive behaviour. These studies are extremely contradictory and the differences are an example of how it is extremely difficult to define the exact link between television and behavioural effects.

I Want to Become an Educator Essay -- College Admissions Teaching Phil

I Want to Become an Educator Why is education such an essential part of our culture? We, as a society, are extremely materialistic and view education as a ladder to a higher socio-economic plateau, which consists of better job opportunities and a better lifestyle. Education is at the core every career imaginable and, regardless of technological advances, there will always be a need for teachers. Teachers touch lives every day. I am becoming an educator because I feel that I can positively influence the lives of others. I am confident in my ability to interact with others as I look forward to improving students’ lives through education. I feel that in order for students to prosper they must be comfortable with their learning environment. I plan to have an well-organized classroom with various bulletin boards highlighting current chapters of study, as well as announcements and assignments. I also believe that you must keep students both interested and involved to achieve successful learning. Desks in my classroom will be organized in one large â€Å"U† formation facing my desk in the front to create a feeling of unity and coherence. To further promote this goal I will assign a seating chart (possibly alphabetically) to aid in the diffusion of cliques and to avoid exclusion of these who may have the tendency to be isolated. Individual and group projects will be incorporated into my curriculum to provide students the opportunity to work both independently, as well as a team member. My teaching style, although eclectic, will be predominantly pragmatic. The class (with my discretion) will establish our classroom rules and penalties in a democratic fashion. I will be teaching vario... ...aming. This issue is of particular relevance to me because my 6 year-old nephew was recently diagnosed with mild autism. Mainstreaming is a very difficult subject that teachers must face. Placing students that are physically, socially or mentally challenged into a fast-paced learning environment is extremely adverse for the student, as well as the teacher. In conclusion, the ideas presented here are an overview of my personal beliefs regarding education. I expect that experience may cause me to add to, delete or otherwise alter some of these views. It is my desire to continue to learn from my instructors, peers and ultimately my students so that I may become a well-rounded and effective educator. Someday soon, I would like to be able to describe my classroom as community of learners, having produced good citizens as well as educated individuals.

Abortion research paper Essay

I believe abortion is wrong because human life begins at the time of conception between the union of the sperm and of the egg. I chose this topic for my research paper because I found this to be one of the most talked about and well known controversial topics there is. I also find it be extremely interesting and that there are so many relating arguments to abortion, which left me with multiple to chose from. There were several different viewpoints and I opinions I researched also corresponding with the topic and argument of certain aspects of abortion but picked this one to write about. Is the embryo considered human life when conceived? Or when the fetus reaches a certain milestone during pregnancy? Maybe when it moves around and shows full signs of life? believe it, or not, some people believe the baby is not considered to be alive until it is delivered at the hospital! See more: Old Age Problem essay I personally believe the baby is alive from conception, or even during the early stages of the quickening process, when you would start to feel the baby growing and moving and you can feel yourself becoming pregnant. I just don’t see how people could abort an innocent 9 month old child waiting to be born†¦ but people do. One very popular and well known argument relating to abortion is that â€Å" human life begins with the union of the sperm and ovum (egg) .† well over 30 million abortions have been performed and took place in the US. Multiple researchers say that the fetus is a living organism and is living the very second in which it has been conceived. Researchers have several tests and a multitude of information and a vast spread of studies with lots of information to prove and show when life does begin, but still to many this day it is a ‘personal’ opinion as to when life starts. â€Å" A sperm has 23 chromosomes and no matter what even though it is alive it can fertilize an egg.† â€Å" An egg has 23 chromosomes just as a sperm does, when the two join together they total to 46 of their very own new chromosomes, they together create a brand new genetic chromosomal code unlike any other individual has ever had, unless of course (identical twins)†. (Carolyn C. Gargaro ) The majority of American citizens in the United States of America are for the prolife side. This does not mean profilers’ are against having sex, or also against all woman’s rights or anything like that. It just shows that the majority just mostly believes the child in alive and living from as soon as the child was conceived in the womb. I personally, in my very own opinion do believe each woman does have a choice. However I am not agreeing with pro-choice because I support the side of pro-life for several reasons, but I personally do believe each and every woman out there does too have rights to what they want to do with their own body. I think of abortion occurring in any stage as an immoral murder and can be looked at as a form of genocide. I believe it is completely wrong, and life is too special to be taken from something so innocent who did not even have a chance, or for that matter was GIVEN the chance to live and experience life. â€Å"People of the pro-life side stand up for the sacredness of life.† Life begins at conception. Humans are created in the image and likeness of God. All human life is sacred. All human life possesses infinite value. – I do agree fully with this statement because it is saying life is a privilege and having a child of your own is too a privilege. Several people cannot have children and would give anything to be able to. Some people who have died and, people who have lost close loved ones no longer have that privilege of life. The privilege that each and every day by multiple people truly goes un-noticed and overlooked by many. The problem of abortion in other countries is very close to non existent because â€Å" in many countries abortion is not legal at anytime, though special cases might be made if there is a medical reason for abortion and doing the procedure would save the life of the mother.† Other foreign countries look down at abortion just like the pro-life movement does. A lot of people are against abortion especially at later stages of pregnancy. I believe that life should certainly not be under any circumstances, taken for granted, there are so many other different options and other choices and ways of dealing with it rather than turning to abortion. I view abortion as almost an easy way out, a way of not being judged for having a child, a way of not having to work and support a child, a way of not having to give up and sacrifice everyday life for a new completely changed lifestyle. I think most people can be selfish and would rather not give up what they have and just live life without a child, especially when the pregnancy was not planned and may be looked upon as an accident. Like most teenagers, abortion is the easiest way out for most. Very often at the time people find out when the pregnancy is unplanned it that seems most practical and simple rather than waking up in the middle of the night to care for someone other than themselves, pay the bills, get a job, support someone new, give up plans on a Friday night to stay in and spend time with your own child, who was infact an accident. Instead of turning to abortion multiple couples would be more than willing to make that child their own. There are multiple programs that can provide counseling and also medical care, adoption, housing, job training, and school. Which are all services for anyone with an unplanned or even planned pregnancy who may have changed their minds. Just different ideas and alternatives instead of abortion. The conception of the baby doesn’t mean the child is â€Å"alive† and some believe it doesn’t start â€Å"living† until 3 months or maybe even later, some think that still only the moment it is delivered is when it comes to life. Some people believe the child hasn’t reached a certain point of development at the young stages therefore it doesn’t mean they are â€Å"living† most people do not care at all. The opposing side of the argument is that abortion is okay, it is accepted and that there is nothing wrong with it. Most abortions happen because of a careless mistake or because of different reasons such as mistakes, rape, or attention. Some people argue that they weren’t ready for the baby at the time of the conception therefore they aborted it until they were ready. Some people just say that they weren’t cut out to have children and weren’t planning on it. Some also say that they don’t have enough money for a child, others say that the relationship with the person they are with is completely unstable and it would not work out. Some people say rape is an acceptable excuse, and this I do agree with. Rape I believe is one condition where abortion should be tolerated. Throughout the process for researching the two opposing viewpoints of abortion I believe that personally I do still stand by my opinion which I had formed before the paper. The only new exception I have thought of is rape, or incest I believe for the sake of the baby. It would just be best if it was aborted. I don’t agree with carelessly doing it for no good reason like multiple Americans living in the United States today. I think that people who get abortions today are harshly judged, but the people who are against abortions are also viewed in a different way. I think a lot about being brought up a certain way has to do with it, dependent upon whether or not you do or don’t attend church or believe strongly in any type of faith. I agree with pro-life still today rather than abortion.

Love Letter to Her

From the moment I heard your voice I felt a connection to your soul. I can still remember exactly how you looked the day we first met. Your beautiful eyes captured my heart and your smile erased any and all doubts that I had ever experienced. When you opened your arms I stepped into your loving, kind embrace and knew that I was â€Å"home† right where I had always belonged. You knew just the words to say to put me at ease and when your hand reached out to hold mine, I realized that I had found my future, my soul-mate and the love that I had always dreamed of discovering.We spoke for hours about every possible subject and never ran out of words to say to each other. I could see the longing and passion in your eyes and I am sure that it was a reflection of the incredibly intense desire that I was feeling at the same moment. The world had ceased to exist and there were only the two of us sitting next to each other, holding hands and experiencing emotions that we had never felt be fore. When you first whispered the words, â€Å"I love you,† into my ear as we walked towards your room, it was the happiest moment in my life. My joy was deeper, richer and more intense than I had ever dreamed possible.I can remember the tears in my eyes as I turned to look at you. The kiss we shared that night was one I shall never forget. Having to tell you â€Å"Good Night† and return home without you was the hardest thing that I have ever had to do in my life. Even knowing that you would call me on the phone later to wish me goodnight once more made our parting no easier to bear. The moments when we were apart seemed like a bitter eternity and I could barely wait until the next time I would see you or talk to you. Never have distances seemed so long and cold and lonely.Our phone conversations would often have long moments where the two of us just held the phone to our ears and took comfort from the sound of the other's soft breathing. You are the only person that could cause my heart to skip a beat with just a sidelong glance or a gentle smile. I gaze into your eyes and lose track of where I am, and even who I am. Your voice stirs a deeply intense longing in every fiber of my body and your caress makes me feel as though I am melting inside. These are feelings that I never knew existed and now I never want to lose these feelings, not even for a moment.Ever since you came into my life I have known what true love and desire really are and these are emotions that many people will never know. You appear to me in my dreams and even these imaginary kisses rock my world and thrill me to the very core of my being. I can barely wait until the night is here, when I can lie in bed and dream of you once more. I want nothing more than to spend my life with you at my side. When I wake in the morning I want to find you there beside me. When I go to sleep at night I want to feel your arms holding me, protecting me from the world.You are the one true love of my life and I am only sorry that it took us so many years to meet. Now that we have found each other and are making a life together I will never again know the empty feelings of loneliness. You have made my life complete and I shall cherish your incredible gift of unconditional love and devotion until the moment that my body takes its last breath on this Earth. I love you, my babygirl No matter what the future holds for us I will love you until the end of time, and beyond. These words are my promise to never take you for granted or doubt the love that binds us for now and all eternity.

spit of the CSFR essays

spit of the CSFR essays What do you think was the main cause in the split in the CSFR? Could the split have been avoided? CSFR was divided into two separate independent countries: The Czech Republic and Slovak Republic on 1.1.1993. This split was caused because of three reasons: historical, political and economical. Below I will try to discuss all of those reasons. We should first say what federation is: its a common state which consists of two or more equal nations. And word equal is most important for Czechoslovakia and its problems. Firstly, we should think about historical reasons. In history of Czechs and Slovaks we could see that those two countries were never actually together in one state. Under the Austria-Hungary, Czechs were more under Austrians and Slovaks under Hungarians. But we should start from the beginning. During the tenth century there was the Great Moravia, which included Slovakia and Moravia. Later they conquered Czech, too, but only for 100 years. Then the Great Moravia under the pressure of Hungarians and Franks diminished. After then the Czech state emerged and in 11th century Moravia joined. After this time Czechs and Slovaks never had their own state until establishment of CSR in 1918. Even under the Austria-Hungary, Czech state was more advanced then Slovakia. Czech had about 75% of all industrial output of Austria-Hungary and Slovakia was mostly agricultural. That was one of the most important aspects in the future of CS(S)R. During the revolution in 1848-9, Czech political representation called upon rearrangement of Austria-Hungary into a liberal-constitutional state, which would ensure free development to all nations including Slavs. But the revolution was a failure and soon after new pressure on Czechs and Slovaks emerged. The Czech and Slovak political representatives estimated that a new ruler of Austria-Hungary will be more generous to Slavic nations. But year 1914 changed everything. The throne successor F...

Crucible confession Essays

Crucible confession Essays Crucible confession Paper Crucible confession Paper The Crucible is a play about the mass hysteria and persecution, which eventually led to the tragic Salem witch trials in 1692. It was written by Arthur Miller in 1953 and was performed all over America in the 1950s. It was set in the late 17th Century and follows the life of a farmer falsely accused of witchcraft. The tragic drama was set in Salem at the time of the famous witch trials and gives the audience an insight as to a possible story that may have occurred. The play shows how a calm, farming community can be rocked by fear and paranoia of the devil. The play leads the audience through a time period of around 3 months; starting with the first accusations made by troubled youths, through the trials of those accused and finally concludes with the false execution of a hero, broken down and built up again through the play. When the play was first released and performed in 1952 it was not accepted by society. This is because many of the people that became aware of the play and its themes related it to the communist trials of the time. The communist trials were trials of those thought to be supporting the expanding communist community in the 1940s and 1950s. People were called upon to name those they believed to be communist in front of a court. This had remarkable similarities to claims made by the youths in The Crucible. People associated supporting Arthur Millers play to supporting the communist nation. However the play is now accepted as being one of the greatest English plays ever written. This is because now people do not see communism as such a major threat. The theme of fear even has relevance to today. People of today are scared of the growing power of China, especially the USA. China has a huge population and with people working at extremely low wages, products can be made very cheaply. His means that the country as a whole is very rich even though the general population is not. This is worrying because products from China are replacing US products in the market because they are cheaper. Many people joke of how China is taking over the world, but looking at the facts they know just how right they could be. This relates to the play because it again shows how a society can be changed due to fear and paranoia. This shows us how the play still has significance today. Though many now see the play as an outstanding tragedy with outstanding emotion and insight to the lives of those accused in the witch trials. One of the main reasons why the play has had such success in recent years is its fantastic, dramatic ending. This is where John Proctor, tried and sentenced to death for dealing with the devil, formally confesses to his sins to save his life. When the judges refuse to let him keep the formal account of his confession (it is to be nailed to the church door to inform the town of his confession) he tears it up! This is truly a shocking climax that strikes and stuns the audience. Arthur Miller succeeds in making this moment of the play highly dramatic in a variety of ways. He uses stage directions, dialogue and the reactions of characters to achieve this sense of drama building throughout the play. And when it finally breaks down the audience is left feeling sorrowful over the death of John Proctor and truly exhausted over the emotional ending. The end scene bewilders the audience, as this strong drama is layered slowly throughout the play, and fluently increases the emotion held by the audience for the main characters. Arthur Miller successful creates drama that explodes with precision. The audience seem lost in the way that tension that is, so slowly yet fluently, built up it is unnoticeable until the tearing of the confession when there is a sudden jolt of the pace and drama of the play. In Act 1 there is quite a lot of background information given about the setting and situations of characters before we actually meet John Proctor. For example the audience finds out that Abigail drank a charm to kill John Proctors wife. This shocks the audience because this is the first time that the fact that the girls are not children becomes apparent. All through the scene so far the girls have acted like children in front of adults and like wise the adults have treated the girls like children. This also builds up the audiences expectations of John Proctor, they wonder of his relationship with his wife and why Abigail would want her dead. Very soon after this shocking truth is let known to the audience we meet Proctor. He is introduced as a sinner by Arthur Millers notes, so it is thought that an actor trying to play John Proctors character may try to portray this in a performance. Proctors first speech is made towards Mary Warren, whom we know is one of the girls who was present at the scene where the girls danced and supposedly performed witchcraft (though she swears she only watched them. ) Proctor tells Mary to go to his house she is a servant of his. He even threatens her with her job, Why shall I pay you? I am looking for you more often then my cows. This shows us that John Proctor is a firm and boss like character. It is important that we see this side of Proctor first, we will soon learn of his affair with Abigail and how he sweated like a stallion when ever Abigail was near him and that he has been looking up at her window. This has a huge effect of how the audience perceives John Proctor at the beginning of the play. It shows us that he is a sinner who has a serious weakness and this may make the audience this that he is a bad character. However the fact that he sweated like a stallion shows that he is conscious that what he is doing is wrong and that he does not want to act on his feelings towards Abigail. This shows us that he is a reformed sinner and that he realised what he was doing was wrong and now does not wish to be in that situation again. The sign of firmness that he gives Mary (someone he is the boss of) and the firmness he gives Abigail when she tries to re-light their relationship can be compared. We can see from the way that he gets angry with her for trying to be close to him; he pushes her aside. Then when she mentions Elizabeth Proctor John roars at her and threatens her with a whipping. This will show the audience what Proctor thinks of Elizabeth and more importantly what he thinks of his relationship with Abigail. This reveals that he has a certain loathing towards Abigail and his affair with her. He now feelings the need to protect Elizabeth and this shows the audience yet again that he is a reformed sinner and a presently good character. The audience has a perceived image of what a man in an affair will think of his wife and how he will react to his mistress speaking wickedly of his wife. He defends Elizabeth and threatens Abigail with a whipping, this stands out and stuns the audience. Firstly the fact that Proctor threatens Abigail, Do you look for whippin? This shows the audience that he no longer has feelings for her and that he wishes to end the affair. This shows the audience that he is a reformed sinner. This also restores the idea that the adults of the town think of the girls and children. Proctor obviously is unaware of Abigails actions in the forest, that she drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor, he still sees her as a child that he has control over. The fact that Proctor does not want to pursue his affair shows the audience that their assumption of the Proctor-Abigail relationship was wrong and that it is in fact Abigail that is encouraging the affair, not John Proctor. This again shows the audience that though the towns folk may treat the girls as if they are children, they are certainly not.

E.B. Whites Drafts of Once More to the Lake

E.B. White's Drafts of 'Once More to the Lake' At the start of every fall term, countless students are asked to write an essay on what must be the most uninspired composition topic of all time: How I Spent My Summer Vacation. Still, its remarkable what a good writer can do with such a seemingly dull subjectthough it may take a bit longer than usual to complete the assignment. In this case, the good writer was E.B. White, and the essay that took more than a quarter century to complete was Once More to the Lake. First Draft: Pamphlet on Belgrade Lake (1914) Back in 1914, shortly before his 15th birthday, Elwyn White responded to this familiar topic with uncommon enthusiasm. It was a subject the boy knew well and an experience that he fiercely enjoyed. Every August for the past decade, Whites father had taken the family to the same camp on Belgrade Lake in Maine. In a self-designed pamphlet, complete with sketches and photos, young Elwyn began his report clearly and conventionally This wonderful lake is five miles wide, and about ten miles long, with many coves, points and islands. It is one of a series of lakes, which are connected with each other by little streams. One of these streams is several miles long and deep enough so that it affords an opportunity for a fine all-day canoe trip. . . .The lake is large enough to make the conditions ideal for all kinds of small boats. The bathing also is a feature, for the days grow very warm at noon time and make a good swim feel fine. (reprinted in Scott Elledge, ​E.B. White: A Biography. Norton, 1984) Second Draft: Letter to Stanley Hart White (1936) In the summer of 1936, E. B. White, by then a popular writer for The New Yorker magazine, made a return visit to this childhood vacation spot. While there, he wrote a long letter to his brother Stanley, vividly describing the sights, sounds, and smells of the lake. Here are a few excerpts: The lake hangs clear and still at dawn, and the sound of a cowbell comes softly from a faraway woodlot. In the shallows along shore the pebbles and driftwood show clear and smooth on bottom, and black water bugs dart, spreading a wake and a shadow. A fish rises quickly in the lily pads with a little plop, and a broad ring widens to eternity. The water in the basin is icy before breakfast, and cuts sharply into your nose and ears and makes your face blue as you wash. But the boards of the dock are already hot in the sun, and there are doughnuts for breakfast and the smell is there, the faintly rancid smell that hangs around Maine kitchens. Sometimes there is little wind all day, and on still hot afternoons the sound of a motorboat comes drifting five miles from the other shore, and the droning lake becomes articulate, like a hot field. A crow calls, fearfully and far. If a night breeze springs up, you are aware of a restless noise along the shore, and for a few minutes before you fall asleep you hear the intimate talk between fresh-water waves and rocks that lie below bending birches. The insides of your camp are hung with pictures cut from magazines, and the camp smells of lumber and damp. Things dont change much. . . .(Letters of E.B. White, edited by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. Harper Row, 1976) Final Revision: Once More to the Lake (1941) White made the return journey in 1936 on his own, in part to commemorate his parents, both of whom had recently died. When he next made the trip to Belgrade Lake, in 1941, he took along his son Joel. White recorded that experience in what has become one of the best-known and most frequently anthologized essays of the past century, Once More to the Lake: We went fishing the first morning. I felt the same damp moss covering the worms in the bait can, and saw the dragonfly alight on the tip of my rod as it hovered a few inches from the surface of the water. It was the arrival of this fly that convinced me beyond any doubt that everything was as it always had been, that the years were a mirage and there had been no years. The small waves were the same, chucking the rowboat under the chin as we fished at anchor, and the boat was the same boat, the same color green and the ribs broken in the same places, and under the floor-boards the same fresh-water leavings and debristhe dead hellgrammite, the wisps of moss, the rusty discarded fishhook, the dried blood from yesterdays catch. We stared silently at the tips of our rods, at the dragonflies that came and went. I lowered the tip of mine into the water, pensively dislodging the fly, which darted two feet away, poised, darted two feet back, and came to rest again a little farther up the rod. There had been no years between the ducking of this dragonfly and the other onethe one that was part of memory. . . . (Harpers, 1941; reprinted in One Mans Meat. Tilbury House Publishers, 1997) Certain details from Whites 1936 letter reappear in his 1941 essay: damp moss, birch beer, the smell of lumber, the sound of outboard motors. In his letter, White insisted that things dont change much, and in his essay, we hear the refrain, There had been no years. But in both texts, we sense that the author was working hard to sustain an illusion. A joke may be deathless, the lake may be fade-proof, and summer may seem to be without end. Yet as White makes clear in the concluding image of Once More to the Lake, only the pattern of life is indelible: When the others went swimming my son said he was going in too. He pulled his dripping trunks from the line where they had hung all through the shower, and wrung them out. Languidly, and with no thought of going in, I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare, saw him wince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garment. As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death. To spend almost 30 years composing an essay is exceptional. But then, you have to admit, so is Once More to the Lake. Postscript (1981) According to Scott Elledge in E.B. White: A Biography, on July 11, 1981, to celebrate his eighty-first birthday, White lashed a canoe to the top of his car and drove to the same Belgrade lake where, seventy years before, he had received a green old town canoe from his father, a gift for his eleventh birthday.

Business Skills & Employability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Skills & Employability - Case Study Example Further, J Sainsbury also faces the threat of interest groups that seek to ensure profound production and distribution comprehends consumer welfare appropriately. Researches implement that the corporation operates at least 1,106 supermarkets in the UK, and other leading economies. The tally also includes a broad chain of convenience stores that the company runs at a global perspective (Cunningham & Harney, 2012, p. 47). Its analysts argue out that the customers are of salient value to the longevity and growth in performances thus all its investment initiatives focus on that fact. J Sainsbury Company elevates its chain stores to ensure that its products aim at the right consumer groups in order to achieve a profitable market share, and growth on a global perspective. The UK based supermarket operates on a global platform with standardized practices while targeting a broad customer network with divergent needs and wants. Secondly, the company’s 480 retail outlets based in the UK have been of significant importance to the entire organization in maintaining its second position and challenging TESCO, the country’s market leader (Hensmans, Johnson, & Yip, 2013, p. 88). Despite its global targeting approaches, the grocery chain has continuously accrued beneficial outcomes, and profitable performances in all its segments, a factor that is evident in the over 20 countries of operations at the global platform. The chain store’s forecasts ensure that it has gradually diversified competitively and profitably over its local and foreign competitors. Informative survey shows that the company’s market operations face contests since the global grocery industry comprises of both local and international competitors and it is evident that some of them exceedingly operate in broader segments (Cunningham & Harney, 2012, p. 67). The following discussion seeks to establish J Sainsbury’s business practices and its SWOT analyses, with the recommended a pproaches to restructure its strategic plan (Wied & Ebers, 2007, p. 133). Sainsbury’s business environment The corporation founded in early 1869 by UK nationals, John and Mary Sainsbury and it grew proficiently throughout the 19th, 20th, and is currently turning into a global icon after pausing at the second largest chain in the UK, and further as the most profitable grocery company. The adventurous global market production and sales approach emanates from the company's sustainability strategy, which entails the salient measures observable before the purchase of groceries and other consumer products. Statistics reveal that Sainsbury strategic planning contributed to its profitable outcomes whereby the management reported pretax revenue of over ?400 million. Sainsbury’s economic precision extends towards growth in the market since its product portfolio includes the requirement of enticing and outsourcing on producers in order to reduce the expenses articulated to produc ing and packaging some of the company’s consumer goods (Zentes, Morschett, & Schramm-Klein, 2011, p. 244). The company’s coherent integration of the varied political systems enables it to win economic gains throughout the target markets. The use of technology and innovation stimulates competition, and Sainsbury displays the ability to prosper competitively in the global market. J Sainsbury’s SWOT analyses Strengths The company’s credentials and its success in the grocery industry emanate from the long-range objectives and

Assignment 6 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

6 - Assignment Example In this particular case, the plaintiff was able to sue her employer for the simple reason that the employer relieved her of her duties on the basis of her age. Following this, the plaintiff went ahead to request for a jury trial although the district court failed to grant her this favour. However, the Supreme Court finally received an appeal concerning the case in order to give a clear statement on whether the jury was justified to give a verdict on the issues brought up by the plaintiff in accordance to ADEA despite the fact that these issues were considered to be private (Bible 163). According to the Supreme Court, such a violation is equivalent to the violation of the Fair Labour standards and if the case went through taking the available evidence into consideration, it would imply that the plaintiff deserved monetary compensation. A simple fact of the matter is that the plaintiff in this situation is presented with an option of approaching the Secretary of Labor who would try to solve the issue without too much involvement of the law. If the secretary spends more than sixty days without starting up a relevant follow up, the plaintiff was expected to sue the defendant. On the contrary, if the secretary started actions towards compensation of the plaintiff by the defendant, then the right to sue the defendant would be denied. Realizing that he was wrong as long as the ADEA was being used to deal with this case, the complainant had no any other option other than wait and listen to the Supreme Court’s final verdict (Bible 164) An interviewer, who eliminates a candidate just because of medical condition of low vision capability can be sued since given some reasonable accommodation, the candidate can still perform as much as the normal humans would perform. Similarly, an employer who rejects a candidate with AIDS is liable to being sued since this is discrimination based on employee’s state of

Outcast Theme in American Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outcast Theme in American Literature - Essay Example The leader was well aware of how much supportive press leaders who were behind him, such as John F. Kennedy, has gotten for their political support of arts, as well as how much goodwill the support of arts has generated home and internationally (Mihalache 34). He anticipated that through establishing a federal art agency that he might gunner more endorsement from the East Coast liberal development, which opposed most of his policies. The endorsement of arts is what constituted to the American outcast. Americas, prior to the â€Å"arts act,† were not always kind to the artists or people who basically opted to pull out of the traditional way of life so as to arrive at some knowledge and some individual integrity. The scientists, on the other hand, always seemed to receive all the praise whereas arts and humanities received mostly negatively reviews (Mihalache 34). The American outcast theme is also portrayed infamous American literature such as Rye, Huckleberry Finn, The Great G atsby, Scarlet Letter, Star Wars and Finding Nemo (Mihalache 35). All these works have the major theme of the main protagonist breaking away from the traditional way of life to living by trying to fulfil way the society has set for them but instead fulfil what they have set for themselves. Historically, the outcast arose from the mystique concerning frontier life (Mihalache 35). The Frontier Life, also referred to as the Turner Thesis, was an argument developed by historian Frederick Turner back in 1893, which held that American democracy was developed by the country’s frontier. As the 1774 to 1778 Governor of Virginia argued, Americans, at all times, think of a land that is far off even though they seem content with the one that they are already settled. The governor went on to say that if Americans attained paradise, they would still move on with the slightest chance of being promised an advanced place (Mihalache 35).

What makes a fine story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What makes a fine story - Essay Example For example, the tone applied when questioning is different from the tone applied when complimenting. For example," did she say am handsome?" this tone is called rising tonal variation. Consider," tell her she is beautiful" this is falling tonal variation. Tonal variation helps in making the presentation of the story different by eliminating the monotony of only one tone. Characters in a story are crucial. Each story should contain characters with different roles assigned to them. They should be hand in hand with the theme of the story to avoid being outside the topic. A character can either be a human or an animal in the story. The importance of a character in the story is for the audience to relate to them. A character might have similar traits to someone you may know and so you learn the end results of having certain traits. It is because the purpose of having characters is to pass a certain message. For communication to take place there must be a medium enabling the exchange of ideas. In a story, language is a key factor of determining whether the story is interesting or not. The audience targets a story that is simple to understand and recall. They expectations of the reader or audience are to grasp each and every point that is within the story with ease. A good story should be simple for easy understanding. A real story is more captivating because it out of experience. It comprises the happenings in life. The audience pays more attention as some are in the same situation as the teller was and so expect to know how to deal with it. That creates interest in the story to the audience and the teller emphasis on key issues without any exaggerations. The main pain purpose of the audience is to learn and gain experience on dealing with issues faced in daily life. A good story should have conflicting ideas so that the conclusion is appropriate. Conflict in a story also enables the audience to participate in giving their ideas on the issue. This

Obama Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Obama Care - Essay Example The various benefits offered by the act includes the increase in the number of people who can access healthcare, healthcare insurance coverage for those who cannot obtain coverage on their own and various other benefits. On the other hand the law has several disadvantages such as increased financial burden on employers, conflicts with religious beliefs and other negative effects. When Obama Care Act was signed into law, there were more than 32 million individuals without insurance coverage (The White House 1). Due to lack of health insurance coverage, these individuals were being charged higher prices for healthcare services and this was leading to increase in the government’s expenditure on healthcare. As a result of Obama Care Act, these individuals will be able to obtain healthcare services at discounted prices and the government spending on healthcare will even decline. The act has made it obligatory for insurance providers to include ten essential advantages in their healthcare insurance policies and these benefits would help in furthering the wellbeing of the citizens of United States. These ten benefits are to be offered on no yearly dollar limits that are levied by insurance providers. These plans should cover for care that is to be offered to those citizens who are not admitted, care for health issues that need immediate treatment or else the se issues can even lead to death, care for females who are experiencing pregnancy and care that is to be provided to the newly born children (Obamacare Facts 1). Furthermore, these benefits include coverage for all drugs that have been prescribed by physicians, coverage for therapies that help individuals recover from physical impairments such as loss of communication skills, coverage for tests that are conducted on patients in laboratories, coverage for obtaining medical treatment to prevent development of diseases and even coverage for health issues experienced by children

Reflective Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Reflective Journal - Essay Example Facebook is very much a multimedia tool that has been rumored to soon take over the Internet. Facebook is dynamic in the fact that it allows users to post status updates whenever they want on their account. Then this status update is visible at the top of their Walls, where their status updates are kept. Facebook is a revolutionary technology because it allows people who may have once known each other at some point in time to reconnect. For example, if someone wanted to get in touch with their childhood friends or people they knew from high school or college, they can use Facebook as a social networking tool in order to reconnect with those people again. However, the caveat to that is that usually, people do find Facebook interesting. In fact, they find it so engaging that they spend one hour, two hours, sometimes several hours a day—in fact—on Facebook. Facebook has become such a revolutionary form of multimedia that there are not many people nowadays who are not on Facebook. There are still many people who are not interested in this phenomena—however, it is quickly catching on. Facebook is now getting to the point where there are conferences being held in San Francisco about its progress. People who are regular Facebook users have said that they will stop using Facebook if it is no longer a free service. However, Facebook is such a useful tool, that it may occur to the people who are in charge of Facebook to have some kind of a fee for using it because it is so useful. Although people are not charging for it now, it could happen in the future that Facebook users might be charged to use it. This would drastically reduce, most likely, the usage of Facebook, although personally, it is very feasible that people would pay whatever kind of fee they have to in order to stay in contact with their friends and family in other places. One of the unique features about Facebook is that you can search

Obama Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Obama Care - Essay Example The various benefits offered by the act includes the increase in the number of people who can access healthcare, healthcare insurance coverage for those who cannot obtain coverage on their own and various other benefits. On the other hand the law has several disadvantages such as increased financial burden on employers, conflicts with religious beliefs and other negative effects. When Obama Care Act was signed into law, there were more than 32 million individuals without insurance coverage (The White House 1). Due to lack of health insurance coverage, these individuals were being charged higher prices for healthcare services and this was leading to increase in the government’s expenditure on healthcare. As a result of Obama Care Act, these individuals will be able to obtain healthcare services at discounted prices and the government spending on healthcare will even decline. The act has made it obligatory for insurance providers to include ten essential advantages in their healthcare insurance policies and these benefits would help in furthering the wellbeing of the citizens of United States. These ten benefits are to be offered on no yearly dollar limits that are levied by insurance providers. These plans should cover for care that is to be offered to those citizens who are not admitted, care for health issues that need immediate treatment or else the se issues can even lead to death, care for females who are experiencing pregnancy and care that is to be provided to the newly born children (Obamacare Facts 1). Furthermore, these benefits include coverage for all drugs that have been prescribed by physicians, coverage for therapies that help individuals recover from physical impairments such as loss of communication skills, coverage for tests that are conducted on patients in laboratories, coverage for obtaining medical treatment to prevent development of diseases and even coverage for health issues experienced by children

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Trifles by Susan Glaspell - Essay Example Trifles, I believe, is feminist in the most true sense of that word: it does not seek to speak only about injustice or the place of women in a society which undervalues their importance; it goes deeper than this. Glaspell seeks to understand and, consequently, show how attitudes and perspectives shape these social constructs, and thus, when individuals are appreciated or cheapened in particular societal contexts. To elaborate on this point, consider the lines when the women decide to protect Mrs. Wright. Glaspell wants to focus upon the minds of the individuals involved; although some would like to interpret the women’s actions (to protect Mrs. Wright) as motivated by a shared gender or social status, the truth of their decision lies in what Mrs. Peters succinctly summarized by â€Å"the law is law†. That is, her motivation for helping Mrs. Wright does not consist of purely traditional feminist notions of womanhood, but of a concern for truth and objectivity. The women find evidence at Mrs. Wright’s home, gathered with an open-mind and interpreted fairly. When law enforcement—the Sherriff and the County Attorney—interpret this same evidence, they will do so differently. This, as Glaspell wishes to suggest, is a matter of epistemological difference, and not of the metaphysical difference which many feminists like to suppose exists between the different realm s of male and female. Centrally, Trifles is a work centered around the two separate stories, one male and one female, combined into one in the setting of a commonplace American location. To illustrate the separate perspectives between the different genders involved in the place, following the murder, the law enforcement, male-oriented crowd sees the scene as a place where a grievous crime was committed, whereas the female-oriented crowd sees the scene as a home, or as somewhere that they

Applying Resource Based View to Strategic Human Resource Essay Example for Free

Applying Resource Based View to Strategic Human Resource Essay What is Resource Based View in Strategic Management? Almost all business management courses have a module that includes study of  strategic management. Our homework helps experts have expertise in the field of strategic management. There are different perspectives and approaches to field of strategic management. This blog post would discuss in detail what resource based view of strategic management is. This perspective stresses and based on the perspective that resources of the company whether tangible or intangible like brand name, assets, cash, customer loyalty, research and development capabilities are an important and main aspect while forming or pursuing a unique strategic position for a company. This concept of strategic management rather than being driven by the environment is internally resource driven and in this perspective of strategic management the organization is viewed as a collection of capabilities and competences. Organizations leverage new actives from its existing core competencies. According to Barney (1991) analysis of the impact of a firm’s environment on its competitive position is based on two assumptions. First, firms within an industry or a strategic group are identical in terms of strategic relevant sources they control and the strategies they pursue and second, these models assume that should resources heterogeneity develop in an industry or group will be very short lived because the resources that firms use to implement their strategies are highly mobile i. e. they can be bought or sold in factor markets (Barney, 1991). Resource based view assumes that companies within an industry or group may be heterogeneous with respect to the strategic resources they control and these are not perfectly mobile, thus heterogeneity can be long lasting (Barney, 1991). Simply, it is suggested that firm resources may be heterogeneous and immobile. According to Daft (1983), firm resources include all assets, capabilities, organisational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness. According to Barney (1991), firm resources that hold the potential for sustained competitive advantage must have four attributes which are valuable, rare, In-imitable, and non-substitutable. So in resource based view of the firm, strategy of the firm is basically dependent on firms’ resources. This view again as the market based view is focus on some important aspects but at the same time ignores some other basic aspects of strategy formulation for a company. So resource based view of the firm is also not a balanced view. We hope that this blog post is useful for the students and practitioners of the field ofstrategic management. Please email us [emailprotected] com  if you need any  strategic management  helpregarding the module of strategic management. The Resource Based View (RBV), argued by some to be at the foundation of modern HRM,[13]  focusses on the internal resources of the organisation and how they contribute to competitive advantage. The uniqueness of these resources is preferred to homogeneity and HRM has a central role in developing human resources that are valuable, rare, difficult to copy or substitute and that are effectively organized. Overall, the theory of HRM argues that the goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is fit, i. e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organizations employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989). The resource-based view to strategic human resource management (SHRM) focuses on the costly to copy attributes of the firm as the fundamental drivers of performance and competitive advantage (Cooner 1991). Linking to the understanding of the resource based view of the firm; Barney (1991) described competitive advantage as â€Å"when a firm is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors†. The task is to maintain this competitive advantage in such a way that competitors’ efforts to replicate that advantage are frustrated and eventually cease. The resource-based view focuses on the promotion of sustained competitive advantage through the development of the human capital rather than merely aligning human resources to current strategic goals (Torrington et al 2002). This essay will show various ways on how the resource-based view of SHRM in organisations can contribute to enhanced organisational performance. Human resources can provide competitive advantage for the business, as long as they are unique and can not be copied or substituted for by competing organisations, competitive success not coming from simply making choices in the present, but from building up distinctive capabilities over significant periods of time (Boxall 1996).

Seventeenth Century Jewish Individualism :: Essays Papers

Seventeenth Century Jewish Individualism The seventeenth century not only marks an important era in Jewish history, the arrival of Jews in the New World, but it marks a shift in Jewish ideology as well. Traditionally, in the Old World prior to the Inquisition, Jews did not live as individuals but rather as a part of a social network or community that worshipped together, studied together, at times lived together, and had the same set of beliefs. During, and for sometime after the Inquisition, some secret Jews were part of an underground community but other secret Jews chose not to be part of any Jewish community, secret or not, out of fear. It was not until the seventeenth century that there was a conscious break in the tradition of being part of a community and some Jews chose the path of individualism, because they were dissatisfied with the confines of their current Jewish community or they were forced to abandon their community and worship individually. When Jews began to move from the Old World to the New World they were forced with the challenge of figuring out how they were supposed to practice Judaism when there was no current Jewish framework in place. When Portuguese Jews arrived in the New World they were forced to live outside of the traditional community because there was no Jewish community to greet them in New Amsterdam. In the seventeenth century, it was not the norm for a Jew to live outside of the Jewish community, but it was possible; one’s willingness or necessity to live outside of the community depended upon one’s geographical location, fear, or personal convictions. In fear of being persecuted for their faith during and after the Inquisition, many Jews took on secret identities and were referred to as â€Å"Crypto-Jews (Gerber 121).† In an effort to escape persecution or murder many Crypto-Jews kept themselves isolated from the openly Jewish community; it was not until many generations after the Inquisition that numerous Crypto-Jews who moved north to The Netherlands were introduced to other Jews and even, â€Å"†¦ a random encounter with a Jew visiting from abroad could inspire the Iberian converso to reconsider his identity (Gerber 187).† Before rediscovering his true identity as a Jew, the Crypto-Jew was not a part of an open community, nor did he have any concept of what it was like to be a member of an openly Jewish Community.

To Kill A Mochingbird: Trial Of Life :: essays research papers

Trials of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life is all about experiencing, learning, and growing up. The novel To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee shows many examples of growing up during the Great Depression. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the South during the 1930’s. The novel is a summary of the lives of the Finch family and their learning experiences. Atticus Finch, a single parent and lawyer, informs and advises his kids as well as many others about the realities of life. Jem and Scout, his children, encounter many growing experiences throughout their childhood. Dill, Jem and Scout’s friend, visits his Aunt Rachel during the summer. He too encounters growing experiences along with Jem and Scout. These four characters lives are prime examples of the trials of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus teaches many lessons about people, society, and life, especially to Jem and Scout. In Chapter 11, Atticus says to Jem, â€Å"...I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what...† Atticus tells Jem this after Mrs. Dubose, their neighbor, dies. By saying this, Atticus is teaching Jem that courage comes from within oneself and takes mental strength and maturity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atticus teaches Scout to fight with her head instead of her fists in Chapter 9, p. 80 when he says, â€Å"...you just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybody says to you, don’t let them get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change...it’s a good one, even if it does resist learning.† Atticus teaches this concept using himself as an example. He is always calm and fair to everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 â€Å"But he’s gone and drowned his dinner in syrup,† I protested, â€Å"He’s poured it all over.-† In this quote during the beginning of the book, Scout shows a lot of immaturity. She shows immaturity by making fun of her guest, which is something that is normally done by people who don’t know better, or are too young. Scout shows signs of immaturity similar to this throughout the book. It is not until the middle and latter parts of the novel that Jean Louise starts to show signs of growing up and maturing.

CSR activities of Pepsico India and Amul India Essay

Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/ Responsible Business)[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Holmes and Watts (1999) defined CSR as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. With Indian consumers becoming more ’cause’ conscious, their brand preferences keep shifting to favor the brand that is socially more responsible. The phenomenon directly creates a connection between the sales and the CSR. The trend suggests, ‘the better the CSR policy, the more the sales. ‘ The trend affects most product categories that are bought on a daily basis, with consumers making a purchase decision almost every day. This could be one of the major reasons why Indian FMCG companies are most actively engaged in responsible activities and rank on top in the latest Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) report on CSR by Indian corporate. The report says that of 175 Indian companies studied, 52 companies in the FMCG sector have taken the maximum of CSR initiatives. This was followed by the chemical sector and then the IT sector. [2] This paper highlights FMCG’s Corporate Social Responsibilities in Pepsico India. and Amul India. Keywords: CSRFMCG Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/ Responsible Business)[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. The new Companies Bill in the Rajya Sabha on 8th August 2013, has guided in a new regulation towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) in India. The Bill, which should get enacted into law soon, lays down mandatory requirements in regards to CSR for larger companies (those with at least Rs5Cr net profit/Rs500Cr net worth/Rs1,000Cr turnover), which includes a requirement to spend annually at least 2% of average profits of the previous three years on CSR activities. An estimated 7-8,000 companies in India will be covered under the CSR legislation and the total annual spend, if companies were to meet this norm, could be equivalent to US$1-2bn. [3] With Indian consumers becoming more ’cause’ conscious, their brand preferences keep shifting to favor the brand that is socially more responsible. The phenomenon directly creates a connection between the sales and the CSR. Objectives 1. To study CSR activities of Pepsico India and Amul India. 2. To examine the benefits of CSR activities of these companies to the society. Research Methodology This research paper depends on secondary data. Review of Literature 1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT CALCUTTA, WPS No. 729/ June 2013, Corporate Social Responsibility for Social Impact: Approach to Measure Social Impact using CSR Impact Index by Ramendra Singh and Sharad Agarwal. This paper discuss the broad patterns of CSR practices among top 200 Indian corporations and also explain the concept of CSR in the Indian scenario, the social issues addressed by the Indian corporations, and methodologies adopted by them to address those issues. 2. African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (3): 95-105, 2012, Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives of Major Companies of India with Focus on Health, Education and Environment by Anupam Sharma and Ravi Kiran This paper highlighted CSR initiatives in context to health, education and environment sector to be rated by the interviewee were identified from the literature. 3. Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, Vol. 3, No. 2 Dec 2009/Jan 2010, Pp 180-201, Corporate Social Performance of Indian FMCG Companies by Saeed Khan. This paper highlights on various Indian companies CSR ratings and actives. 4. School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal – 2010, Corporate Social Responsibility in Rural Development Sector: Evidences From India by Sanjay Pradhan, Akhilesh Ranjan. This paper examine do the corporate consider rural people as a stakeholder? If so, what CSR initiatives taken for development of rural areas and how the corporates implement their CSR initiatives as a part of their business strategy? Finally it evaluates impacts of CSR actions on the socio-economic development of rural people. 5. Corporate Social Responsibility as a determinant of market strategic issues: An exploratory study by Prof Vijaylaxmi Iyengar. the research focuses on the Corporate Social Responsibility as a determinant of market strategic issues , with the various dimensions of CSR and its relevance for emerging markets , it also throw light on redesigning marketing paradigms for the global competition. Business benefits of CSR: The scale and nature of the benefits of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify, though there is a large body of literature exhorting business to adopt measures beyond financial ones (e. g. , Deming’s Fourteen Points, balanced scorecards). Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes[24] found a correlation between social/environmental performance and financial performance. Businesses may not be looking at short-run financial returns when developing their CSR strategy. Triple bottom line People planet profit, also known as the triple bottom line, are words that should be used and practiced in every move an organization makes. People relates to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour, the community and region where corporation conducts its business. Planet refers to sustainable environmental practices. A triple bottom line company does not produce harmful or destructive products such as weapons, toxic chemicals or batteries containing dangerous heavy metals for example. Profit is the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs, including the cost of the capital tied up. It therefore differs from traditional accounting definitions of profit. [28][29] Human resources A CSR program can be an aid to recruitment and retention,[30] CSR also helps to improve the perception of a company among its staff. CSR has been found to encourage customer orientation among frontline employees. [31] Risk management Reputations that take decades to build up can be ruined in hours through incidents such as corruption scandals or environmental accidents. [32] Building a genuine culture of ‘doing the right thing’ within a corporation can offset these risks. [33] Brand differentiation CSR can play a role in building customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values. [34] Business service organizations can benefit too from building a reputation for integrity and best practice. Developing an engagement plan Commit to coming up with and improving on your companies goals. CSR commitments communicate the nature and direction of the firm’s social and environmental activities and, will help others understand how the organization is likely to behave in a particular situation. License to operate By taking substantive voluntary steps, they can persuade governments and the wider public that they are taking issues such as health and safety, diversity, or the environment seriously as good corporate citizens with respect to labour standards and impacts on the environment. Supplier relations By establishing a strong supply chain, companies are able to push for continuous quality improvements, and price reductions. The long-term benefits of the relations create a better value for stakeholders.

European Business Environment Essay

Introduction This paper focuses on the enlargement of the European Union (EU) and its effects on external and internal relations. Taking into account the analysis and forecast presented before enlargement, it shows the real consequences of the development. The most essential consequences, as well as problems in part of decision-making and administration in the EU, social consequences of the enlargement, as well as the result of the possible economic enlargement of the on both existing member countries and new entrant countries. In taking into account the future of the European Union and the perception of regional European, the study specify that for the first time in many decades the EU has the opportunity to strengthen the global role of the society and reunify the continent supported by a common democratic standards and rules, a collapse in the process of European integration would mainly perhaps mean the gradual marginalization of Europe as a foremost actor of international associations. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the bipolar order greatly affected the development of European integration. One of the main basic challenges was the disappearance of the Eastern Bloc, as the threat of the Soviet hostility served for many years as a amalgamate aspect for the Western community (Baun, 2004). The next challenge was the unification of Germany, as it was obvious for most of European countries that the prospect role and position of the united German state would be stronger and further important than that of Cold War-era Western Germany. At the same illustration, the European Union, formally established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993, had to respond to broader problems about its international target and the future shape. It was apparent that the European Union possibly could not have opened its door to nation that was unwary or unable to prove the good organization of their democratic governance. Additionally, the setback for the EU was that planed to outlook for the relationship served as encouragement for the new democratic organization in East-Central Europe to carry on their complex and socially troublesome reforms, the flourishing results of which became significant for the strength of the whole continent. The solution was the Copenhagen condition, explained at the summit of the European Council in Copenhagen in 1993. The rules placed general necessities for starting effective democratic organizations, respect for individual and minority human rights, and suitable instruments for promised market economy (Lindner, 2003).Upon meeting the requirement, the first candidates was capable of open the accession talks in 1998. Ten new members that united the European Union on 1 May 2004 completed these consultations in 2002. Jointly with the growth in 2004, the EU-15 developed into EU-25; after Bulgarian and Romanian accession on 1 January 2007, the coming together became the EU-27. The growth from 15 to 27 member states was the biggest in the history of European incorporation process growing the number of the EU population from about 380 to 485 million. The new states members were medium-sized and small countries, though; each of the new associate has achieved the same rights as existing members of the EU. The enlargement of Eastern has been the major difficulties in the history of European integration, not simply because of the number of new states member joining the European Union at the same time, but mainly because of differences in the level of the gross national product (GNP) involving the old and the new members states of the EU. An evaluation of GNP per capita confirms that the richest new members state have not go beyond 40% of the standard EU-15 level and much bigger asymmetry is opened by the evaluation with the wealthiest states members of the old union (Miles, 2004). In reality, earlier enlargement rounds, like the one in 1973, to comprise the Ireland, Denmark and United Kingdom the one in 1995, to include Austria, Finland, and Sweden, was accessions of states similar in economic improvement and wealth. Merely the membership of Spain and Greece in 1981 and Portugal in 1986 caught up the enlargements of countries, which were much not as good as at the moment of their accession than the standard member of the society. This led to a question of harmony between the poorer members and the rich, and needed additional financial contribution of the wealthiest member states to sustain political and economic transformation in the new member countries. Although the old member countries reacted with hesitation, they finally agreed to such assistance, being aware that it would support democratic transformation on the Continent and support to eliminate intimidation of instability for the whole society, while contributing to formation of the common European marketplace. Nevertheless the Eastern enlargement twenty years later on was incomparable in its unevenness of economic potentials and the interns of GNP per capita involving the old and the new members still with the Southern growth of the European Community (EC) in the mid-1980s (Nugent, 2004). This irregularity of enlargement collectively with fears in Western Europe about social cost, problems of intra-union administration as well as the continuing crises of EU characteristics have compounded the face of the Eastern enlargement years after the enlargement, these concern continue to distress the integration development, consequently it is worth focusing on a few of them. Even ahead of agreement, it was obvious that the Eastern enlargement from 15 to 28 members would force management and decision-making processes in the European Union, as well as the possible to paralyze or at least make difficult the mechanisms formed in the EU-15. Predicting the enlargement, the old members attempted to organize the internal decision-making systems to incorporate the new members. The Amsterdam and Nice Treaties broaden the scope of verdict to be taken supported on Qualified Majority Voting (QMV), as an alternative of harmony, and the Nice Treaty formed a specific majority system (Schmitter, 2004). It established each of the 27 members an exact number of votes gleaming its demographical potential. The major members of the EU France, Germany, Italy and the UK, were awarded 29 votes each, and the smallest states: Luxembourg 3 and Malta 4 votes, correspondingly. Poland, as the largest new member, was given 27 votes, the equivalent to the number as Spain. However, the rule of the accord has remained at as the foundation of all decision-making in the EU, particularly when it comes to critical political decisions. Even so, the caution of Taylor remained applicable as the effectiveness of decision-making in the distended European Union needed further internal amendment. The response was Treaty making a Constitution for Europe signed in Rome on 29 October 2004. The new agreement went comparatively far in its application, yet Netherlands and the France rejected the European Constitution in referendums and the last effort to improve the internal utility of the EU was the Lisbon Treaty signed on 13 December 2007. The Lisbon Treaty is in actual fact a series of provisions originally presented in the European Constitution. It has make things easier for the   EU’s legal procedures and has established the European Union a legal personality, as well as helping harmonization of the EU’s policies establishing the posts of the EU President and Foreign Minister. It reflects the objections of some members who strained the principal independence of the member states, resultant in the cut of most references that could advocate for the character of the European Union as a (super-) state, counting the initial names of the new EU council. As an effect, the new EU Foreign Minister has lastly become the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. However, the prospect of the treaty had been vague for almost two years, as its implementation required confirmation in all member states. After the optimistic result of the second Irish referendum on 2 October 2009, the president of the Czech Republic, the Polish president, Vaclav Klaus and Lech Kaczynski, finally decided to sign the Treaty. This permitted the Lisbon Treaty to come in into force on 1 December 2009 (Nugent, 2004a). The approach of the citizens in the new member states towards European incorporation has generally been optimistic. For instance, the effects of the agreement referendum in Poland demonstrated support for the association at 77%. After enlargement, assistance in Poland is still at a high level of about 70% (Preston, 1997). The Office of the Committee for European Integration, Warsaw 2009 all together, still, enlargement provoked serious worries among Western EU member countries. The forecast of the enlargement were a basis of anxiety among the populace in the old, wealthier counties members of the EU, as well as the fears of joblessness and huge immigration of employees from the much poorer states of East-Central Europe. Piotr M. Kaczynski specified that the new states were better organized for enlargement as they projected changes and were required to plan for membership. The older members and their societies only experienced the test of the Eastern enlargement on the day of new members’ agreement (Nugent, 2004b). This resulted in the distribution of fears and slogans about the â€Å"Polish nurse† or â€Å"Polish plumber† frightening for employment chances for local Western Europeans. Few in Western Europe left devoid of the benefits of the Eastern enlargement for stabilization, democratization, and union of the continent. Yet the Westerners worried that Eastern enlargement would establish   the questions of decision-making, management, asymmetry in economic potentials and as well as raise the requirement for a broader process of structuring mutual consideration between the two share equally of Europe divided for almost 50 years by the â€Å"Iron Curtain.† (Hagemann, Sara/De, Julia 2007) Still, there were numerous forecasts concerning the migration prospective. Some of them projected that the immigration from the new states would differ from 6% to even 30% of their total populace (105 million), but those more practical showed that the migration would be approximately 3-5% or yet only 2% in the longer time, taking return migration into consideration (Nugent, 2004b). In actuality, the Eastern enlargement has only in part established the fears of Western European civilization and its social effects have been less serious than projected. At the same time, it has established most of the scholars’ forecasts. In agreement with the data obtainable by Euro stat for the end of 2008, the total digit of the immigrants from the new states members has been approximately 1.7 million (Guà ©rot, 2005).This does not comprise session seasonal personnel, the number of which could be expected as an additional few hundred thousand with a propensity to sluggish down for the reason that of the current world economic disaster. The most frequent immigrants were Poles (Poland being the most crowded new member state) and Romanians operating mostly in the Ireland, Spain, and United Kingdom. Polish specialist have projected that the actual number of Poles operating in the old member countries of the EU has been at the level of 1–1.12 million (out of entirety 38 million of populace) with a possible of additional 0.6 million of seasonal recruits (Stacey, and Berthold 2003). These numbers may seem considerable, but it would be difficult to treat them as a massive influx of workers from the East. All in all, the trouble of migration from the new state member cannot be overlooked and will go on to play an important role in the opinion of euro-skeptics, but it emerge to be much less grave than originally estimated. This is accurate mainly in the situation of the current world economic catastrophe and increasing social protests adjacent to the foreign employment force in the UK and other principal states of the European Union. It may perhaps also persuade the old members to formulate informal efforts at protectionism, although the regulations of the free movement of industry and capital within the European particular market. One of the areas of debate before enlargement was the cost of the process. Yet it seems that the Eastern enlargement of the European Union has not been overly expensive, especially in comparison to the benefits. Several authors have concluded that in the longer term the enlargement would have small but positive growth effects on the whole EU, although lower in the case of the old members and higher with regard to new member states, with forecasts of an additional overall EU growth by 0.5 to 0.7%. However, it is clear that the main benefits of the enlargement are political ones, namely the opportunity to reunify the Continent and in this context, the costs of the enlargement were indeed low (estimated for the financial framework 2004-2006 at 40.16 billion euro, or 1.08% of EU GNP) (Faber, 2009). Though, looking at the differences in economic prospective and wealth-level involving the old states and new states members, it seems not possible to expect that their convergence would be attained in the short or even medium time. This implies a tough need for aiding funds from the richest states of the European Union for the improvement of the new state members. Therefore, the dilemma of financial unity between the poorest and the richest in the EU will turn into much more grave for the future of the Union than whichever time before, still after the Southern enlargement in the 1980s (Falkner, 1996). The narrow financial wealth at the Union’s disposal has led to discussion in the EU about its financial point of view. The member states take up two differing positions. France and Germany, as the leading donors, have grown hesitant to increase their assistance to the common EU budget. The financial discussions for the period 2007-2013 incorporated the demand of the major net-contributors to edge the EU resources to 1% of the Community’s GNP. The ultimate resolution accepted a maximum of 1.045%, but the indecision of the richest members to wrap the additional expenditure of the enlarged EU was understandable. The new state members, conversely, joined the EU with the hope of financial support and harmony. Knowing that their active growth depend on the kindness of the richest states of the EU, the new state fear that, the imposing idea of harmony might crash with the exaction economic interests of the main EU members. Such a distribution of the EU members into the center of the most urbanized and wealthiest nations and East-Central Europe as an edge could intimidate European integration. Yet even though the limited economic resources exist in the EU budget, the supporting of the new members states has been reasonable so far. Poland, for instance, as the largest recipient, is getting a net-assistance of â‚ ¬60 billion in the episode of 2007-2013, mostly in the form of structural and solidity funds. However, the most important concern is to keep this level of the help in the next financial agenda (2014-2020). This will be the main issue of the future discussion. The wealthiest and strongest states of the EU have well thought-out reducing some forms of support to new member’s states and support spending that would center more on new technologies, competitiveness, and innovation of the EU in the global economy. Even if it is apparent that the EU requires being more successful on the global prospect, it is evident that the financial capital available in the upcoming EU budget for innovation and new technologies would most possibly help the wealthiest state of the Union. The new states with their much poorer economies and less innovative will not be capable to struggle for this money. The new East-Central European members projected full-fledged contribution in the decision-making method of the EU, as well as value for their opinion, despite their imperfect economic potentials. But the political discussion just after the Eastern extension, which led into the new suggestion of the European Constitution and the Lisbon Treaty, were challenging for the new members states and tackle them with the perception of the new form of the European Union only a few months following their agreement. These circumstances were most difficult for Poland the largest country in the group of new states, however a medium-size state members in the EU with its ambition of playing an active political task in the European Union. In the case of Poland, which was to lower some of its recognized position in the EU exacted in the number of votes in a number of Union institutions, it was hard to clarify to people why the regulations of the membership must be altered so quickly after the agreement. Examining the first epoch after the Eastern extension, Piotr M. Kaczynski sustains that the economic outcome of the growth have been clearly constructive. The new state members improved quickly and much earlier than expected. Though, he finds that the political aspect of the enlargement is harder to review. After a first period of compliance, the new state members, particularly Czech Republic and the Poland, became more self-confident in the EU, which resulted to some quarrel between the administration of these nations and EU system. Equally Czech Republic and the Poland mainly reacted to the thoughts coming from the Western part of the EU. Their political program, if any, were typically poorly set and cast off (Steunenberg, 2002a). Later, after the enlargement, Poland and all new members comprehend more visibly that it is not only the amount of votes that make a decision their place and ability to pressure decision-making procedures in the EU. They have attained convenient experience and become more familiar with the actual political device, including the regulations of effective alliance building and cooperation. Dirk Leuffen has explained it as a progression of â€Å"socialization† in which the new state members learn how to deal with the informal and formal rules and standards in the EU. From his perspective point of view, this socialization should be well thought-out as a medium-term development ( Dirk 2010). The skill gained; during the five years following the enlargement appear to back up that the time of socialization will be shorter relatively than longer. The current Polish-Swedish suggestion of Eastern Partnership (Steunenberg, 2002b), to reinforce collaboration with several Eastern neighbors of the inflamed European Union, helped by the other members of the EU, demonstrate that new states can efficiently take part to flourishing program, or at slightly be significant partners of doing well initiatives offered together with some old states members. As consequence, the succession of the new states from East-Central Europe has not been as â€Å"detrimental† to the EU administration as it was at times recommended in Western Europe earlier than the enlargement. In conclusions, the effects of the Eastern enlargement on external and internal relations of the European Union have not been as â€Å"tragic† as it was occasionally feared prior to enlargement. The addition from 15 to 28 member nations, as well as the significant economic unevenness between old state and new state member have shaped some administration problems for the EU, but they have not busted it. The European Union ought to now focus on amplification of its present instruments and institutions. The new states have rapidly learned the Union’s regulations and procedures and to place political conciliation before majority of votes. Thus, the agreement code has retained its center value in the EU. The significance of the incorporation process is the vision of a new regional individuality based on resolution among the European countries. The Eastern enlargement has opened the way to a real unification of the continent. After the occurrence of two World Wars on its region, it behooves Europe not to lose this opportunity. Thus, harmony between the old states and new members remains the subject to a flourishing future of the society. References Baun, Michael 2004: â€Å"Intergovernmental Politics†. In: Nugent, Neill (ed.) European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 132-145. Blockmans, Steven/Prechal, Sacha (eds.) 2008: Reconciling the Deepening and Widening of the European Union. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press Dehousse, Renaud/Deloche-Gaudez, Florence/Duhamel, Olivier (eds.) 2006: Élargissement. Common l’Europes’adapte. Paris: Centre d’à ©tudes europà ©ennes, Presses Sciences Po. Dirk Leuffen 2010. â€Å"Breaking the Camel’s Back? Eastern Enlargement and EU Governance.† ECPR Paper Number 853, Center for Comparative and International Studies, ETH Zurich, p. 6 Faber, Anne 2009: â€Å"Eastern Enlargement in Perspective: A Comparative View on EC/EU Enlargements†. In: Loth, Wilfried (ed.): Experiencing Europe. 50 Years of European Construction 1957-2007. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 305-325. Falkner, Gerda 1996: â€Å"Enlarging the European Union†. In: Richardson, Jeremy J. (ed.) European Union. Power and policy-making. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 233-246 Guà ©rot, Ulrike 2005: †Consequences and Strategic Impact of Enlargement on the (Old) EU†. In: Brimmer, Esther/ Frà ¶hlich, Stefan (eds.): The Strategic Implications of European Union Enlargement. Johns Hopkins University: Centre for Transatlantic Relations, pp. 53-72. Hagemann, Sara/De Clerck-Sachsse, Julia 2007: Decision-Making in the Council of Ministers: Evaluating the Facts. CEPS Policy brief No. 119, January 2007, available at http://www.ceps.be. Lindner, Johannes 2003: â€Å"Institutional stability and change: two sides of the same coin†. Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, December 2003, pp. 912-935. Miles, Lee 2004: â€Å"Theoretical Considerations†. In: Nugent, Neill (ed.) European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 253-265. Nugent, Neill (ed.) 2004: European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan. Nugent, Neill 2004a: â€Å"Previous Enlargement Rounds.† In: Nugent, Neill (ed.): European Union Enlargement. PalgraveMacmillan, pp. 22-33. Nugent, Neill 2004b: â€Å"Distinctive and Recurrent Features of Enlargement Rounds.† In: Nugent, Neill (ed.): European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 56-69. Preston, Christopher 1997: Enlargement and Integration in the European Union. London/New York: Routledg Schmitter 2004: â€Å"Neo-Neofunctionalism†. In: Wiener, Antje/Diez, Thomas (eds.): European Integration Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45-74. Stacey, Jeffrey/Rittberger, Berthold 2003: â€Å"Dynamics of formal and informal institutional change in the EU†. Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, December 2003, pp. 858-883. Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.) 2002: Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/New York: Routledge. Steunenberg, Bernard 2002a: â€Å"Enlargement and reform in the European Union†. In: Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.): Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 3-20. Steunenberg, Bernard 2002b: â€Å"An even wider Union. The effects of enlargement on EU decision-making†. In: Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.): Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/ New York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.

Customer Retention Strategies Essay

Assume you are doing a classroom presentation on customer retention strategies. Reread your responses to the What Do You Think? questions that you completed throughout this chapter. 1.What are some service attitudes and practices that promote retaining customers? Customer retention refer to a strategy with the purpose of doing whatever it takes to keep a company’s current customers on a long term basis (Gibson, 2012). Retaining customers is enabled by excellent customer service that produces many positive benefits for the organization. Retaining customers through effective customer service enables easier growth, indirectly and directly. When the customers are happy and satisfied then the staff is happy as well (2009). You can improve the customer stimulation by offering discounts, promotions and having active sales efforts will keep a relationship with your customer and attract them to buy more of the products or service you sell. Upon the organization, you can keenly monitor the customers for signs of attrition such as a decrease/increase in calls. If you develop a precise campaign strategy then you will prevent high risk customers and you will be able to retain in more swiftly manner. When you can improve the precision and clarity of your billing process, you can go a long way toward minimizing customer worry. Increasing the power of the service organization and the sales team to address customer complaints promptly and offer retention-oriented promotions are other ways to appease dissatisfied customers. When doing this, you are addressing the key sources of customer dissatisfaction (2011). 2.What service issues must be carefully addressed by the CSRs to retain customers over a long period of ti me? An angry, dissatisfied customer. When dealing with these customers, listen to what they have to say while they explain their problem. Offer an apology and  empathize with them even if you don’t agree with their complaint, you letting them know that you can and might come up a solution to help them. After things have been solved, do a follow up with them. 3. Which skills should CSRs demonstrate that keep customers returning for more products? You always want to keep your customers happy and satisfied so they can continue doing business with the company. Communicate and listen to your customers. When you listen to your customers, you can find out what they needs and wants are. Ask questions concerning them like: How you doing? Is your day going okay? Did you enjoy the product or service that you purchased? Let them know that you appreciate their business. Keep a positive attitude with the customers. Smile when you are talking to the customer; if you are on the phone still smile even though the customer can’t see it, they will feel it. Speak clearly try not to talk so fast to where the customer can understand you. Last but not least remain objective. Your goal is to make sure they are happy. I think if the CSRs use these skills, they wouldn’t have any problems losing customers. References: Customer Service. (2009). Retrieved June 1, 2014, from www.businessballs.com: http://www.businessballs.com Gibson, P. (2012). Customer Retention. In P. Gibson, World of Customer Service (p. 118). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Thorton, V. (2011, December 14). Three Keys to Attracting and Retaining Customers or Clients. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from www.evanmichael.com: http://www.evanmichael.com

Past and current trends of the use and abuse of substances in the Essay - 1

Past and current trends of the use and abuse of substances in the United States - Essay Example Cocaine is another of the principal drugs which Latin America is the main producer particularly the nation of Columbia. This paper discusses the past and current trends in drug consumption in the American society. During the 20th century the American society went through various wars that brought instability to this community. Warfare is variable the influences drug consumption by increase its usage especially among the soldiers involved in the ordeal. After the Vietnam War thousands of soldiers came back to the states extremely addictive to heroin, cocaine and methaphinimines. During this time in the 1960’s a group of young people commonly referred to as hippies were highly involved in drug consumption and trade which increased the usage of drugs especially marijuana in the US. A hippie is a person who opposes and rejects many of the conventional products and society, especially one who advocates extreme liberalism in sociopolitical attitudes and society (Answers, 2008). In the 1980’s the drug trade of cocaine and overall consumption of this drug increase drastically among the middle and high class in the United States. The price of a kilo of cocaine was much higher than it is now and the drug lords invented a new product to capitalize on the addictive nature of the substance and have a cheap product that could be used to target the lower middle class and Americans living in poverty. This new devil was called crack cocaine. Crack is derivative of cocaine which is more hazardous, cheaper to produce and much more addictive than cocaine in itself. The bigger victims of the crack epidemic were the poor Afro-American and Latino communities living in poverty low income communities commonly referred to as hoods. Marijuana a natural drug that is actually a flower is the most popular drug in America. Over 94 million American or approximately 30% of the American population has used marijuana at some point in